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Wenlock Christison
Wenlock Christison (before 1660 – c. 1679) was the last person to be sentenced to death in the Massachusetts Bay Colony for being a Quaker. Four people had previously been executed in Massachusetts for this reason. However, Christison was not executed. He left Massachusetts and lived the remainder of his life in Talbot County, Maryland.
==Persecution in Boston==
Wenlock's origins are unknown. Historians sometimes reported his last name as Christopherson. He may have been of Scottish descent, and referred to himself as a British subject. The earliest record of him is from 1660 when he was held in jail in Boston along with other Quakers, including William Leddra. What the charges were against Christison at that time are unknown but most likely he was held for violating an ordinance that prohibited Quakers from being in Boston. Christison, along with Leddra and several other Quakers, was released from jail and banished from Massachusetts "under penalty of death should he return".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.educationanddemocracy.org/FSCfiles/C_CC7e_NonviolenceInAmHist.htm )〕
From Boston, Christison and Leddra went to Plymouth Colony, where they were robbed, whipped, imprisoned and eventually banished.〔Harrison, pgs.20–22〕 By this time William Robinson and Marmaduke Stevenson, two Quakers who had been banished from Massachusetts, had returned and were executed on October 27, 1659. Mary Dyer was executed on April 1, 1660 under the same circumstances.〔("Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary" ), Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James. Harvard University Press, 1974. ISBN 0-674-62734-2, ISBN 978-0-674-62734-5. p. 536〕 Seeking martyrdom, Christison and Leddra also returned to Boston. Leddra was arrested in late 1660 or early in 1661 while visiting some friends in prison. He was tried and hanged in March, 1661. Christison was arrested while attending Leddra's trial. He was arraigned on March 14, 1661, the day that Leddra was executed.〔Harrison, pgs. 23–31〕 His trial took place on April 3 and Governor John Endicott sentenced him to be hanged〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.talbotmdhistory.com/Star_Dem_04281936_The_Villa.pdf )〕 on June 13.〔Harrison pg.33〕 However, before the execution could take place, Charles II issued a royal mandate to the New England Colonies "granting full and free tolerance to all sects for the exercise of their religion and exempting Quakers from the punishment of death for any other offenses than those for which that penalty was adjudged by the laws of England."〔Harrison pgs. 34–38〕 In addition, public distaste for the executions emerged. Christison was released from prison on April 7, 1661, after signing a written promise to leave Massachusetts and not to enter the colony again.〔Harrison pg.38〕
The royal mandate did end the executions but not the persecutions. Over the following two years the mandate was modified. "Accordingly, we find the persecutions were renewed, and Quakers were arrested, fined, imprisoned and banished as before, but no one suffered death after the hanging of William Leddra."〔Harrison pg.39〕 Christison returned to Boston at least three more times. On June 30, 1664, Christison went to Boston from Salem, with Edward Wharton, to meet with two female Quakers, Mary Tomkins and Alice (Ambrose) Gary, who had arrived from Virginia, where they had been severely punished and banished. The four were arrested. Christison and the women were not harmed, but Wharton was severely beaten. Early in 1665, Christison, Mary Tomkins and Alice Gary were again arrested in Boston. This time they were sentenced to be publicly whipped in Boston, Roxbury and Dedham. After their release they took refuge in Rhode Island. Finally, in May 1665, Christison, Tomkins and Gary returned to Boston escorted by one of the King's commissioners, Sir Robert Carr, to board a ship for the West Indies.〔Harrison pgs. 40–47〕
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